Coordinates	28°1′0″N153°24′0″N
Official name	Lima
Native name
Nickname	City of Kings
Settlement type
Motto	Hoc signum vere regum est
Flag size	120px
Image seal	Coat of arms of Lima.svg
Seal size	75px
Map caption	Lima Province and Lima within Peru
Coordinates region	PE
Subdivision type	Country
Subdivision name	Peru
Subdivision type1	Region
Subdivision name1	Lima Region
Subdivision type2	Province
Subdivision name2	Lima Province
Subdivision type3	Districts
Subdivision name3	43 districts
Government type	Mayor–council government
Leader title	Mayor
Leader name	Susana Villarán
Established date	January 18, 1536
Established title2
Established title3
Established date3
Area magnitude	1 E8
Unit pref
Area total km2	2672.3
Area land km2
Area urban km2	800
Area metro km2	2819.3
Area blank1 sq mi
Elevation footnotes
Elevation m	0–1548 |elevation_m 0–1548
Elevation ft	0–5079
Population as of	2007
Population total	7605742
Population density km2	2846.1
Population metro	8472935
Population density metro km2	3008.7
Population blank1 title	Demonym
Population blank1	Limean ()
Population density blank1 sq mi
Timezone	PET
Utc offset	-5
Latns	S
Coordinates	12°2′36″N77°1′42″N
Longew	W
Coordinates display	8
Postal code type
Website	www.munlima.gob.pe
Footnotes	}}

Lima is the capital and largest city of Peru. It is located in the valleys of the Chillón, Rímac and Lurín rivers, in the central part of the country, on a desert coast overlooking the Pacific Ocean. Together with the seaport of Callao, it forms a contiguous urban area known as the Lima Metropolitan Area. With a population fast approaching 9 million, Lima is the fifth largest city in Latin America, behind Mexico City, São Paulo, Buenos Aires and Rio de Janeiro. Lima is home to one of the largest financial hubs in Latin America. It has been defined as a beta world city by GaWC international rankings.

Lima was founded by Spanish conquistador Francisco Pizarro on January 18, 1535, as la Ciudad de los Reyes, or "the City of Kings". It became the capital and most important city in the Spanish Viceroyalty of Peru. Following the Peruvian War of Independence, it became the capital of the Republic of Peru. Today, around one-third of the Peruvian population lives in the metropolitan area.

Lima is home to the oldest higher learning institution in the New World. The National University of San Marcos, founded on May 12, 1551 during Spanish colonial regime, is the oldest continuously functioning university in the Americas.

Etymology

According to early Spanish chronicles the Lima area was once called ''Itchyma'', after its original inhabitants. However, even before the Inca occupation of the area in the 15th century, a famous oracle in the Rímac valley had come to be known by visitors as ''limaq'' (limaq, pronounced , which means "talker" in coastal Quechua). This oracle was eventually destroyed by the Spanish and replaced with a church, but the name persisted in the local language, thus the chronicles show "Límac" replacing "Ychma" as the common name for the area.

Modern scholars speculate that the word "Lima" originated as the Spanish pronunciation of the native name Limaq. Linguistic evidence seems to support this theory as spoken Spanish consistently rejects stop consonants in word-final position. The city was founded in 1535 under the name City of the Kings () because its foundation was decided on January 6, date of the feast of the Epiphany. Nevertheless, this name quickly fell into disuse and ''Lima'' became the city's name of choice; on the oldest Spanish maps of Peru, both ''Lima'' and ''Ciudad de los Reyes'' can be seen together as names for the city.

It is worth noting that the river that feeds Lima is called ''Rímac'', and many people erroneously assume that this is because its original Inca name is "Talking River" (the Incas spoke a highland variety of Quechua where the word for "talker" was pronounced ). However, the original inhabitants of the valley were not the Incas, and this name is actually an innovation arising from an effort by the Cuzco nobility in colonial times to standardize the toponym so that it would conform to the phonology of Cuzco Quechua. Later, as the original inhabitants of the valley died out and the local Quechua became extinct, the Cuzco pronunciation prevailed. In modern times, Spanish-speaking locals do not see the connection between the name of their city and the name of the river that runs through it. They often assume that the valley is named after the river; however, Spanish documents from the colonial period show the opposite to be true.

History

In the pre-Columbian era, the location of what is now the city of Lima was inhabited by several Amerindian groups under the Ychsma polity, which was incorporated into the Inca Empire in the 15th century. In 1532, a group of Spanish ''conquistadors'' led by Francisco Pizarro defeated the Inca ruler Atahualpa and took over his Empire. As the Spanish Crown had named Pizarro governor of the lands he conquered, he chose the Rímac valley to found his capital on January 18, 1535 as ''Ciudad de los Reyes'' (City of the Kings). In August 1536, rebel Inca troops led by Manco Inca besieged the city but were defeated by the Spaniards and their native allies.

Lima gained prestige after being designated capital of the Viceroyalty of Peru and site of a ''Real Audiencia'' in 1543. During the next century it flourished as the centre of an extensive trade network which integrated the Viceroyalty with the rest of the Americas, Europe and the Far East. However, the city was not free from dangers; the presence of pirates and privateers in the Pacific Ocean lead to the building of the Lima City Walls between 1684 and 1687. Also in this last year a powerful earthquake destroyed most of the city buildings; the earthquake marked a turning point in the history of Lima as it coincided with a recession in trade and growing economic competition with other cities such as Buenos Aires.

In 1746, a powerful earthquake severely damaged Lima and destroyed Callao, forcing a massive rebuilding effort under Viceroy José Antonio Manso de Velasco. In the later half of the 18th century, Enlightenment ideas on public health and social control shaped the development of the city. During this period, Lima was adversely affected by the Bourbon Reforms as it lost its monopoly on overseas trade and its control over the important mining region of Upper Peru. The city's economic decline made its elite dependent on royal and ecclesiastical appointment and thus, reluctant to advocate independence.

A combined expedition of Argentine and Chilean patriots under General José de San Martín managed to land south of Lima in 1820 but did not attack the city. Faced with a naval blockade and the action of guerrillas on land, Viceroy José de la Serna was forced to evacuate its capital on July 1821 to save the Royalist army. Fearing a popular uprising and lacking any means to impose order, the city council invited San Martín to enter Lima and signed a Declaration of Independence at his request. However, the war was not over; in the next two years the city changed hands several times and suffered exactions from both sides.

After independence, Lima became the capital of the Republic of Peru but economic stagnation and political turmoil brought urban development to a halt. This hiatus ended in the 1850s, when increased public and private revenues from guano exports led to a rapid development of the city. The export-led expansion also widened the gap between rich and poor, fostering social unrest. During the 1879–1883 War of the Pacific, Chilean troops occupied Lima, looting public museums, libraries and educational institutions. At the same time, angry mobs attacked wealthy citizens and the Asian population; sacking their properties and businesses. After the war, the city underwent a process of renewal and expansion from the 1890s up to the 1920s. During this period, the urban layout was modified by the construction of big avenues that crisscrossed the city and connected it with neighboring towns.

In 1940, an earthquake destroyed most of the city, which at that time was mostly built of adobe and ''quincha''. In the 1940s, Lima started a period of rapid growth spurred by migration from the Andean regions of Peru, as rural people sought better opportunities for work and education. The population, estimated at 0.6 million in 1940, reached 1.9M by 1960 and 4.8M by 1980. At the start of this period, the urban area was confined to a triangular area bounded by the city's historic centre, Callao and Chorrillos; in the following decades settlements spread to the north, beyond the Rímac River, to the east, along the Central Highway, and to the south. The new migrants, at first confined to slums in downtown Lima, led this expansion through large-scale land invasions, which evolved into shanty towns, known as ''pueblos jóvenes''.

Geography

The urban area of Lima covers about . It is located on mostly flat terrain in the Peruvian coastal plain, within the valleys of the Chillón, Rímac and Lurín rivers. The city slopes gently from the shores of the Pacific Ocean into valleys and mountain slopes located as high as above mean sea level. Within the city there are isolated hills which are not connected to the surrounding hill chains, such as El Agustino, San Cosme, El Pino, La Milla, Muleria and Pro hills. The San Cristobal hill in the Rimac district, which lies directly north of the downtown area, is the local extreme of an Andean hill outgrowth.

Metropolitan Lima has an area of , of which (31%) comprise the actual city and (69%) the city outskirts. The urban area extends around from north to south and around from west to east. The city center is located inland at the shore of the Rimac river, a vital resource for the city, since it carries what will become drinking water for its inhabitants and fuels the hydroelectric dams that provide electricity to the area. While no official administrative definition for the city exists, it is usually considered to be composed of the central 30 out of the 43 districts of Lima Province, corresponding to an urban area centered around the historic Cercado de Lima district. The city is the core of the Lima Metropolitan Area, one of the ten largest metropolitan areas in the Americas. Lima is the second largest city in the world located in a desert, after Cairo, Egypt.

Climate

Lima's climate is mild and comfortable, despite being located in the tropics and in a desert. Although classified as subtropical, Lima's proximity to the cool waters of the Pacific Ocean leads to temperatures much cooler than those expected for a subtropical desert, and can be classified as a cool desert climate. It is neither cold nor very hot. Temperatures rarely fall below or rise above throughout the entire year. Two distinct seasons can be identified: summer, from December through April; and winter from June through October. May and November are generally transition months, with the warm-to-cool weather transition being more dramatic.

Summers are warm, humid and sunny. Daily temperatures oscillate between lows of to , and highs of to . Skies are generally cloud free, especially during daytime. Occasional coastal fogs during some mornings and high clouds during some afternoons and evenings can be present. Lima summer sunsets are well known for being colorful. As such, they have been labeled by the locals as "cielo de brujas" (Spanish for "sky of witches"), since the sky commonly turns into shades of orange, pink and red around 7 pm. Winter weather is dramatically different. Gray skies, breezy conditions, high humidity and cool temperatures prevail. Long (1-week or more) stretches of dark overcast skies are not uncommon. Persistent morning drizzle occurs occasionally from June through September, coating the streets with a thin layer of water that generally dries up by early afternoon. Winter temperatures in Lima do not vary much between day and night. They range from lows of to and highs of to , rarely exceeding except in the easternmost districts.

Relative humidity is always very high, particularly in the mornings. High humidity produces brief morning fog during the early summer and a usually persistent low cloud deck during the winter (generally developing in May and persisting all the way into late November or even early December). Predominant onshore flow makes the Lima area one of the cloudiest among the entire Peruvian coast. Lima has only 1284 hours of sunshine a year, 28.6 hours in July and 179.1 hours in January, exceptionally low values for the latitude. Winter cloudiness prompts locals to seek for sunshine in Andean valleys located at elevations generally above 500 meters above sea level.

Although relative humidity levels are high, rainfall is very low due to strong atmospheric stability. The severely low rainfall impacts on water supply in the city, which originates from wells and from rivers that flow from the Andes. Inland districts receive anywhere between 1 to of rainfall per year, which accumulates mainly during the winter months. Coastal districts receive only 1 to . As previously mentioned, winter precipitation occurs in the form of persistent morning drizzle events. These are locally called 'garúa', 'llovizna' or 'camanchacas'. Summer rain, on the other hand, is infrequent, and occurs in the form of isolated light and brief showers. These generally occur during afternoons and evenings when leftovers from Andean storms arrive from the east. The lack of heavy rainfall arises from high atmospheric stability caused, in term, by the combination of cool waters from semi-permanent coastal upwelling and the presence of the cold Humboldt Current; and warm air aloft associated with the South Pacific anticyclone.

The climate of Lima (as that of most of the Peruvian coast) gets severely disrupted during El Niño events. Water temperatures along the coast, which usually average around , get much warmer (as in 1998 when the water temperature reached ). Air temperatures rise accordingly. Such was the case when Lima hit its all-time record high of . Cooler climate develops during La Niña years. The all-time record low in the metropolitan area is , measured during the winter of 1988.

Demographics

With a municipal population of 7,605,743, and 8,472,935 for the metropolitan area and a population density of as of 2007, Lima ranks as the 27th most populous 'agglomeration' in the world. Its population features a very complex mix of racial and ethnic groups. Mestizos of mixed Amerindian and European (mostly Spanish and Italians) ancestry are the largest ethnic group. European Peruvians are the second largest group. Many are of Spanish, Italian or German descent; many others are of French, British, or Croatian descent. The minorities in Lima include Amerindians (mostly Aymara and Quechua), Afro-Peruvians, whose African ancestors were initially brought to the region as slaves, are yet another part of the city's ethnic diversity. There are also numerous Jews of European descent and Middle Easterners. Asians make up a large number of the metropolitan population, especially of Chinese (Cantonese) and Japanese descent, whose ancestors came mostly in the 19th and early 20th centuries. Lima has, by far, the largest ethnic Chinese community in Latin America.

The first settlement in what would become Lima was made up of only 117 housing blocks. In 1562, another district was built at the other side of the Rimac River and in 1610, the first stone bridge was built. Lima then had a population of around 26,000; blacks made up around 40% of the population, and whites made up around 38% of the population. By 1748, the white population totaled 16,000–18,000. In 1861, the number of inhabitants surpassed 100,000, and by 1927, this amount was doubled.

During the early twentieth century, thousands of immigrants came to the city, including a significant number of French, Italians and Germans, many of whom have assimilated to the Peruvian society. They organized in social clubs, and they built their own schools; for example, The American-Peruvian school which is located in Miraflores; the French Alliance (Alianza Francesa de Lima), the notable Lycée Franco-Péruvien and the hospital Maison de Sante;; the British-Peruvian school in Monterrico and also several German-Peruvian schools. They influenced Peruvian cuisine, the Italians in particular exerting a strong influence in the Miraflores and San Isidro areas with their restaurants, called ''trattorias''.

A great number of Chinese immigrants, and a lesser amount of Japanese, came to Lima and established themselves in the Barrios Altos neighborhood near downtown Lima. Lima residents refer to their Chinatown as ''Calle Capon'', and the city's ubiquitous Chifa restaurants a small, sit-down, usually Chinese-run restaurant serving the Peruvian spin on Chinese cuisine can be found by the dozen in this Chinese enclave.

Economy

Lima is the industrial and financial center of Peru, and one of the most important financial centers in Latin America. Today it is home to many national companies. It accounts for more than two thirds of Peru's industrial production and most of its tertiary sector.

The Metropolitan area, with around 7000 factories, spearheads the industrial development of the country, thanks to the quantity and quality of the available workforce, cheap infrastructure and the mostly developed routes and highways in the city. The most relevant industrial sectors are textiles, clothing and food. Chemicals, fish, leather and oil derivatives are also manufactured and/or processed in Lima. The financial district is located in the district of San Isidro, while much of the industrial activity takes place in the area stretching west of downtown Lima to the airport in Callao. Lima has the largest exportation industry in South America, and it is a regional hub for the operational cargo industry.

Industrialization began to take hold in Lima in 1930s and by 1950s, through import substitution policies, by 1950 manufacturing made up 14% of the GNP. In the late 1950s, up to 70% of consumer goods were manufactured in factories located in Lima.

The Callao seaport is one of the main fishing and commerce ports in South America, with 75% of the country's imports and 25% of its exports using it as their entry/departure point. The main export goods leaving the country through Callao are oil, steel, silver, zinc, cotton, sugar and coffee. Lima generates 53% of the GDP of Peru. In 2010, GDP per capita in Lima reached $20,000. Most of the foreign companies operating in the country have settled in Lima, which has led to the previously mentioned concentration of economic and financial activity on the city.

There has been a noticeable increase in light industries, services and high technologies. In 2007, the Peruvian economy grew 9%, the largest growth rate in all of South America which was spearheaded by economic policies originating in Lima. The Lima Stock Exchange grew 185.24% in 2006 and in 2007 grew 168.3%, making it one of the fastest growing stock exchanges in the world. In 2006, the Lima Stock Exchange was the most profitable in the world. The unemployment rate in the metropolitan area is 7.2%.

The Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation Summit and the Latin America, the Caribbean and the European Union Summit were hosted by the city of Lima.

Lima is headquarters to many major banks such as Banco de Crédito del Perú, Interbank, Bank of the Nation, Banco Continental, MiBanco, Banco Interamericano de Finanzas, Banco Finaciero, Banco de Comercio, and Credi Scotia. It is also a regional headquarters to Standard Chartered. Major insurance coorperations based in Lima include Rimac Seguros, Mapfre Peru, Interseguro, Pacifico, Protecta, and La Positiva.

Government

National government

Lima is the capital city of the Republic of Peru and the department of Lima. As such, it is home to the three branches of the Government of Peru. The executive branch is headquartered in the Government Palace, located in the Plaza Mayor. The legislative branch is headquartered in the Legislative Palace and is home to the Congress of Peru. The Judicial branch is headquartered in the Palace of Justice and is home to the Supreme Court of Peru. Likewise, all the ministries are located in the city of Lima. In international government, the city of Lima is home to the headquarters of the Andean Community of Nations and the South American Community of Nations, along with other regional and international organizations.

The Palace of Justice in Lima is seat of the Supreme Court of Justice the highest judicial court in Peru with jurisdiction over the entire territory of Peru. Lima is also seat of two of the 28 second highest or Superior Courts of Justice. The first and oldest Superior Court in Lima is the ''Superior Court of Justice of Lima'' belonging to the Judicial District of Lima. Due to the judicial organization of Peru, the highest concentration of courts is located in Lima despite the fact that its judicial district only has jurisdiction over 35 of the 43 districts of Lima. The ''Superior Court of the Cono Norte'' is the second Superior Court located in Lima and is part of the Judicial District of North Lima. This judicial district has jurisdiction over the remaining eight districts all located in northern Lima.

Local government

The city is roughly equivalent to the Province of Lima, which is subdivided into 43 districts. The Metropolitan Municipality of Lima is utmost authority of the entire city while each district has its own local government. Unlike the rest of the country, the Metropolitan Municipality, although a provincial municipality, acts as and has functions similar to a regional government, as it does not belong to any of the 25 regions of Peru.

Cityscape

Lima's architecture is characterized by a mix in styles as reflected from shifts between trends throughout various time periods of the city's history. Examples of early colonial architecture include such structures as the Monastery of San Francisco, the Cathedral of Lima and the Torre Tagle Palace. These constructions are generally influenced by the Spanish baroque, Spanish Neoclassicism, and Spanish Colonial styles. After independence, a gradual shift towards the neoclassical and Art Nouveau styles took place. Many of these constructions were greatly influenced by French architectural styles. Many government buildings as well as major cultural institutions were contracted in this architectural time period. During 1960s, constructions utilizing the brutalist style began appearing in Lima due to the military government of Juan Velasco. Examples of this architecture include the Museum of the Nation and the Ministry of Defense. The 21st century has seen the appearance of glass skyscrapers, particularly around the city's financial district. Also there are several new architectural and real estate projects.

The largest parks of Lima are located near the downtown area such as the Park of the Reserve, Park of the Exposition, Campo de Marte, and the University Park. The Park of the Reserve is home to the largest fountain complex in the world known as the Magical Circuit of Water. A number of large parks lie outside the city center, including Reducto Park, Pantanos de Villa, El Golf (San Isidro), Parque de las Leyendas (Lima Zoo), El Malecon de Miraflores, and the Golf Los Incas. The street grid of the city of Lima, is laid out with a system of plazas of which serve a purpose similar to roundabouts or junctions. In addition to this practical purpose, plazas serve as one of Lima's principal green spaces and contain a variety of different types of architecture ranging from monuments to statues, and water fountains.

Society and culture

Strongly influenced by European, Andean, African and Asian culture, Lima is a melting pot of cultures due to colonization, immigration, and indigenous influences. The Historic Center of Lima was declared a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1988. Like many other world capitals, Lima is home to prestigious museums, many of which are world renowned.

Limean cuisine is known to be among the best in the world, and the city is known as the ''Gastronomical Capital of the Americas''. Lima's gastronomy is a mix of Spanish, Andean, and Asian culinary traditions.

Lima's beaches, located along the northern and southern ends of the city, are heavily visited during the summer months. Numerous restaurants, clubs and hotels have been opened in these places to serve the many beachgoers. Lima has a vibrant and active theater scene, as there are many theaters presenting not only classic theater, but also cultural presentations, modern theater, experimental theater, dramas, dance performances, and theater for children. Lima is home to many important theaters, such as the Municipal Theater, Segura Theater, Japanese-Peruvian Theater, Marsano Theater, British theater, Theater of the PUCP Cultural Center, and the Yuyachkani Theater.

Language

Known as Peruvian Coastal Spanish, Lima's Spanish is characterized by the lack of strong innotations as found in many other regions of the Spanish-speaking world. It is heavily influenced by the historical Spanish spoken in Castile. Throughout the colonial era, most of the Spanish colonial nobility based in Lima were originally from Castile. Limean Spanish is also characterized by the lack of ''voseo'', a trait present in the dialects of many other Latin American countries. This is due to the fact that voseo was primarily used by the lower socioeconomic classes of Spain, a social group that did not begin to appear in Lima until the late colonial era.

Limean Spanish is distinguished by its relative clarity in comparison to other Latin American accents. Limean Spanish has been influenced by a number of immigrant groups including Italians, Andalusians, Chinese and Japanese. It also has been influenced by anglicisms as a result of globalization, as well as by Andean Spanish, due to the recent migration from the Andean highlands to Lima.

Museums

Lima is home to the highest concentration of museums of the country, the most notable of which are the Museo Nacional de Arqueología Antropología e Historia del Perú, Museum of Art of Lima, the Museum of Natural History, the Museum of the Nation, The Sala Museo Oro del Perú Larcomar, the Museum of Italian Art, and the Museum of Gold, and the Larco Museum. These museums mostly focus on art, pre-Columbian cultures, natural history, science and religion. There's a particularity with the Museum of Italian Art, which is the only museum that shows European art in Peru.

Tourism

whs	Historic Centre of Lima
state party
type	Cultural
criteria	iv
id	500
region	Latin America and the Caribbean
year	1988
session	12th
extension	1991
link	http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/500 }}

As the major point of entry to the country, Lima has developed an important tourism industry, characterized by its historic center, archeological sites, nightlife, museums, art galleries, festivals, and popular traditions. Lima is home to an ample range of restaurants and bars where local as well as international cuisine is served.

The Historic Center of Lima, made up of the districts of Lima and Rimac, was declared a World Heritage Site by UNESCO in 1988 due to its importance during the colonial era leaving a testimony to architectural achievement. Some examples of this historical colonial architecture include the Monastery of San Francisco, the Plaza Mayor, the Cathedral, Covenant of Santo Domingo, the Palace of Torre Tagle, and much more.

A tour of the city's churches is a popular circuit among tourists. A short jaunt through the central district goes through many churches dating from as early as the 16th and 17th centuries, the most noteworthy of which are the Cathedral of Lima and the Monastery of San Francisco, said to be connected by their subterrestrial catacombs. Both of these churches contain paintings from various schools of art, Sevilian tile, and finely sculpted wood furnishings.

Also notable is the Sanctuary of Las Nazarenas, the point of origin for the Lord of Miracles, whose festivities in the month of October constitute the most important religious event in Lima, and a major one of Peru. Some sections of the Lima City Walls still remain and are frequented by tourists. These examples of medieval Spanish fortifications were built to defend the city from attacks by pirates and privateers. Beaches are visited during the summer months, which are located along the Pan-American Highway, to the south of the city in districts such as Lurin, Punta Hermosa, Santa María del Mar (Peru), San Bartolo and Asia. Many restaurants, nightclubs, lounges, bars, clubs, and hotels have developed in said places to cater to beachgoers.

The suburban districts of Cieneguilla, Pachacamac, and the city of Chosica, are important tourist attractions among locals. Because they are located at a higher elevation than Lima, they receive more sunshine in winter months, something that the city of Lima frequently lacks under seasonal fog.

Food

Lima is known as the ''Gastronomical Capital of the Americas''. A center of immigration and the center of the Spanish Viceroyalty, Lima has incorporated unique dishes brought from the arrival of the Spanish conquistadors and many waves of immigrants: African, European, Chinese, and Japanese. Besides international immigration—a large portion of which happened in Lima—there has been, since the second half of the 20th century, a strong internal flow from rural areas to cities, in particular to Lima. This has strongly influenced Lima's cuisine with the incorporation of the immigrant's ingredients and techniques (for example, the Chinese extensive use of rice or the Japanese approach to preparing raw fish. The genres of restaurants in Lima include Creole food, Chifas, Cebicherias, and Pollerias. Peruvian cuisine, widely represented in Lima, holds various Guinness World Records, for its diversity and quality.

Sports

The city of Lima has varied sports venues for football, volleyball and basketball, many of which are located within private clubs. A popular sport among Limeans is ''fronton'', a racquet sport similar to ''squash'' invented in Lima. The city is home to seven international-class golf links. Equestrian is popular in Lima with many private clubs as well as the Hipódromo de Monterrico horse racing track. The most popular sport in Lima by far is football with many professional club teams being located in the city.

The Historic Plaza de Acho, located in the Rimac district a few minutes from the Plaza de Armas, holds bullfights yearly. The season typically runs from late October to December.

!Club	!Sport	!League	!Venue
Peruvian Institute of Sport	Various	Various	Estadio Nacional (Lima)
Universitario de Deportes		Primera División Peruana
Alianza Lima		Primera División Peruana
Sporting Cristal		Primera División Peruana
Universidad San Martin de Porres		Primera Division Peruana
Club de Regatas Lima	Various	Various	Regatas Headquarters Chorrillos
Real Club Lima	Basketball, Volleyball	Various

Subdivisions

Lima is made up of thirty densely-populated districts, each headed by a local mayor and the Mayor of Lima, whose authority extends to these and the thirteen outer districts of the Lima province.

The city's historic centre is located in the Cercado de Lima district, locally known as simply Lima, or as "El Centro" ("Downtown"), and it is home to most of the vestiges of Lima's colonial past, the Presidential Palace (), the Metropolitan Municipality of Lima (), and dozens of hotels, some operating and some defunct, that used to cater to the national and international elite.

The upscale San Isidro district is the city's financial center. It is home to many prominent figures such as politicians and celebrities. It is also where the main banks of Peru and branch offices of world banks are headquartered. San Isidro has many parks, including Parque El Olivar, which has olive trees that were brought from Spain during the seventeenth century.

Another upscale district is Miraflores, which has many luxury hotels, shops and restaurants. Miraflores has more parks and green areas in the south of Lima than most other districts. Larcomar, a popular shopping mall and entertainment center built on cliffs overlooking the Pacific Ocean, featuring bars, dance clubs, movie theaters, cafes, shops, boutiques and galleries, is also located in this district. Nightlife, shopping and entertainment also center around Parque Kennedy, a park in the heart of Miraflores that is always bustling with people and live performances.

La Molina, San Borja and Santiago de Surco, home to the American Embassy and the exclusive Club Polo Lima, are the other three wealthy districts of Lima.

The most densely-populated districts of Lima lie in the northern and southern ends of the city (Spanish: Cono Norte and Cono Sur, respectively), and they are mostly composed of Andean immigrants who arrived during the mid and late 20th century looking for better living standards and economic opportunities, or as refugees of the country's internal conflict with the Shining Path during the late 80s and early '90s. In the case of Cono Norte (now called Lima Norte), certain shopping malls like Megaplaza and Royal Plaza have been recently built in the Independencia district, right on the border with the Los Olivos district, the latter being the most residential neighborhood in the Northern part of Lima. Most of the inhabitants of this area belong to the middle class or lower middle class.

Barranco, which borders Miraflores by the Pacific Ocean, is known as the city's bohemian district, home or once home of many Peruvian writers and intellectuals like Mario Vargas Llosa, Chabuca Granda and Alfredo Bryce Echenique. This district has many acclaimed restaurants, music venues called "peñas" featuring the traditional folk music of coastal Peru (in Spanish, "música criolla"), and beautiful Victorian-style chalets. It along with Miraflores serves as the home to the foreign nightlife scene.

Education

Lima is home to the oldest higher learning institution in the New World, San Marcos University founded in 1551. Home to a range of universities, institutions, and schools, Lima has the highest concentration of institutions of higher learning in the continent and is home to schools with worldwide recognition. Peru itself is one of the most educated countries in South America. The National University of San Marcos, founded on May 12, 1551 during Spanish colonial regime, is the oldest continuously functioning university in the Americas.

Universidad Nacional de Ingeniería (UNI) was founded in 1876 by Polish engineer Eduardo de Habich and is the most important engineering school in the country. Other public universities also play key roles in teaching and research, such as the Universidad Nacional Federico Villarreal (the second largest in the country), the Universidad Nacional Agraria La Molina where ex-president Alberto Fujimori once taught, and the National University of Callao.

The Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, established in 1917, is the oldest private university. Other private institutions that are located in the city are Universidad del Pacifico, Universidad de Lima, Universidad San Martín de Porres, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Universidad Cientifica del Sur, Universidad San Ignacio de Loyola, Universidad Peruana de Ciencias Aplicadas and Universidad Ricardo Palma.

Transport

Air transport

Lima is served by the Jorge Chávez International Airport, located in Callao (LIM). It is the largest airport of the country with the largest amount of domestic and international air traffic. It also serves as a major hub in the Latin American air network. Lima's Jorge Chavez International Airport is the fourth largest air hub in South America. The airport, however it is the base for the largest cargo hub in the continent. Additionally, Lima possesses five other airports: the Las Palmas Air Force Base, Collique Airport, and runways in Santa María del Mar, San Bartolo and Chilca.

Land transportation

Lima is a major stop on the Pan-American Highway. Because of its location on the country's central coast, Lima is also an important junction in Peru's highway system. Three of the major highways originate in Lima.

The Northern Panamerican Highway, this highway extends more than to the border with Ecuador connecting the northern districts of Lima with many major cities along the northern Peruvian coast. The Central Highway (), this highway connects the eastern districts of Lima with many cities in central Peru. The highway extends with its terminus at the city of Pucallpa near Brazil. The Southern Panamerican Highway, this highway connects the southern districts of Lima to cities on the southern coast. The highway extends to the border with Chile.

The city of Lima has one big bus terminus station located next to the mall Plaza norte in the north of the city. This bus station is the point of departure and arrival of a lot of buses with national and international destinations. There are other bus stations for each company around the city. In addition, there are informals bus stations located in the south, center and north of the city; these bus stations are cheap but dangerous and are not recommended for foreigners.

Maritime transport

The proximity of Lima to the port of Callao allows Callao to act as the metropolitan area's foremost port. Callao concentrates nearly all of the maritime transport of the metropolitan area. There is, however, a small port in Lurín whose transit mostly is accounted for by oil tankers due to a refinery being located nearby. Nonetheless, maritime transport inside Lima's city limits is relatively insignificant compared to that of Callao, the nation's leading port and one of Latin America's largest.

Rail transport

Lima is connected to the Central Andean region by the Ferrocarril Central Andino which runs from Lima through the departments of Junin, Huancavelica, Pasco, and Huanuco. Major cities along this line include Huancayo, La Oroya, Huancavelica, and Cerro de Pasco. Another inactive line runs from Lima northwards to the city of Huacho.

Public transport

Eighty percent of the city's history having occurred during the pre-automobile era, Lima's road network is based mostly on large divided avenues rather than freeways. In recent times however, Lima has developed a freeway network now made up of nine freeways which are, the Via Expresa Paseo de la Republica, Via Expresa Javier Prado, Via Expresa Grau, Panamericana Norte, Panamericana Sur, Carretera Central, Via Expresa Callao, Autopista Chillon Trapiche, and the Autopista Ramiro Priale.

The urban transport system is composed of over 652 transit routes which are served by buses, microbuses, and combis. The system is unorganized and is characterized by the lack of formality. The service is run by 464 private companies which are poorly regulated by the local government. Fares average at around one sol or $0.30 USD. The city of Lima has also more than 100 km of cycle paths.

Taxis in the city are mostly informal; they are relatively cheap but could be dangerous. There are no meters so drivers are told the desired destination and the fare is agreed upon before the passenger enters the taxi. Taxis vary in sizes from small four door compacts to large vans. They are virtually everywhere, with different colours, accounting for a large part of the car stock. In many cases they are just a private car with a taxi sticker on the windshield. Additionally, there are several companies that provide taxi service on-call.

Automobiles, known as colectivos, render express service on some major roads of the Lima Metropolitan Area. The colectivos signal their specific destination with a sign on the their windshield. Their routes are not generally publicitized but are understood by frequent users. The cost is generally higher than public transport however they cover greater distances at greater speeds due to the lack of stops. This service is informal and is not allowed in the city. Some people in the periphery of the city use the so called "mototaxi" for short distances

The Metropolitan Transportation System or El Metropolitano is a public transportation system which integrate the Independent Corridor of Mass-Transit Buses known by its Spanish initials as (COSAC 1). This system links the principal points of the Lima Metropolitan Area and the first phase of this project has thirty three km line from the north of the city to Chorrillos in the south of the city. It began commercial operations on July 28th, 2010. This system is similar to the TransMilenio of Bogotá, Colombia.

The Lima Metro, an above ground mass transit system, which 3rd phase of the Line One is already opened to public. There are six more lines in planning phase. Line 1's extension to the city's center was opened in July 2011, linking Villa el Salvador with downtown Lima in a matter of only thirty minutes, a trip which currently lasts one hour and forty minutes with other public transport system.

The Lima Metro has sixteen passenger stations, located at an average distance of 1.2 km (0.7 mi). It starts its path in the Industrial Park of Villa El Salvador, south of the city, continuing on to Av. Pachacútec in Villa María del Triunfo and then to Av. Los Héroes in San Juan de Miraflores. Afterwards, it continues through Av. Tomás Marsano in Surco to reach Ov. Los Cabitos and then on to Av. Aviación to finish in Av. Grau in the city center. Construction to extend Line 1 until its final destination, through Av. Próceres de la Independencia in San Juan de Lurigancho, is scheduled to begin shortly.

International relations

;Twin towns — Sister cities Lima is twinned with:

* Arequipa, Peru

* Cusco, Peru

* Piura, Peru

Los Angeles, California>Los Angeles, United States

Austin, Texas>Austin, United States, since 1981

Sister cities of Cleveland, Ohio>Cleveland, United States

* Miami, United States

Stamford, Connecticut>Stamford, United States

Bordeaux, France. since 1957

* Beijing, China, since November 1983

* Manila, Philippines

* Madrid, Spain

* Mexico City, Mexico

* São Paulo, Brazil

* Tegucigalpa, Honduras

* Akhisar, Turkey

* Karaçoban, Turkey

* Buenos Aires, Argentina

Guadalajara, Jalisco>Guadalajara, Mexico

* Montreal, Canada

* Bogotá, Colombia

* Cairo, Egypt

* Cardiff, United Kingdom

* Pescara, Italy

* Kiev, Ukraine

* Brasília, Brazil

See also

Lima Metropolitan Area

List of people from Lima

List of districts and neighborhoods of Lima

List of sites of interest in the Lima Metropolitan area

Largest cities in the Americas

Notes

References

External links

Municipality of Lima

MSN Map

1.40 gigapixel image of Lima

}}

Category:Capitals in South America Category:Populated places in the Lima Region Category:Populated coastal places in Peru Category:Populated places established in 1535

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Coordinates	28°1′0″N153°24′0″N
name	Adriana Lima
birth name	Adriana Francesca Lima
birth date	June 12, 1981
birth place	Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
height
haircolor	Brown
eyecolor	Blue
measurements	86-61-89 (34-24-35)
dress size	4 (US)
shoesize	9 (US)
spouse	Marko Jaric (2009–present)
agency	Marilyn Agency
website	http://www.adrianalima.com }}

Adriana Francesca Lima (born June 12, 1981, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil) is a Brazilian model, best known as a Victoria's Secret Angel since 2000, and as a spokesmodel for Maybelline cosmetics from 2003 to 2009. At the age of 15, Lima finished first in Ford's "Supermodel of Brazil" competition, and took second place the following year in the Ford "Supermodel of the World" competition before signing with Elite Model Management in New York City. Since 2005, Lima has ranked in the top five of ''Forbes''' lists of the 20 highest-earning models in the world, and in 2006 ranked No.99 on the ''Forbes'' Celebrity 100. She is married to Serbian basketball player Marko Jarić ().

Career

Modeling

Lima never thought about being a model, although she had won many beauty pageants in elementary school. However, she had a friend at school who wanted to enter a modeling contest and did not want to enter alone, so Lima entered with her. Both sent in pictures, and the contest sponsor soon asked Lima to come out for the competition. Soon after, at the age of 15, she entered and finished in first place in Ford's "Supermodel of Brazil" model search. She subsequently entered the 1996 Ford "Supermodel of the World" contest and finished in second place. Three years later, Lima moved to New York City and signed with Elite Model Management. After acquiring representation, Lima's modeling portfolio quickly began to expand, and she appeared in numerous international editions of ''Vogue'' and ''Marie Claire''. As a runway model, she has walked the catwalks for designers such as Vera Wang, Giorgio Armani and Valentino, among others. Lima became a GUESS? girl in 2000, appearing in that year's fall ad campaign. She also appeared in the book ''A Second Decade of Guess? Images''.

Lima continued to build upon her portfolio, doing more print work for Maybelline, for whom she worked as a spokesmodel from 2003 until 2009, the same year she appeared in the company's first calendar, a limited edition run also featuring Kemp Muhl, Jessica White, Julia Stegner, and Anna Wang. Lima has also worked for notable fashion brands bebe, Armani, Versace, BCBG and Louis Vuitton. She also appeared on the covers and in the editorials of other fashion magazines such as ''Harper's Bazaar'', ''ELLE'', ''GQ'', ''Arena'', ''Vogue'', V, ''Esquire'' and French Revue des Modes. Her April 2006 ''GQ'' cover was the highest-selling issue that magazine for the year. She also appeared in the 2005 Pirelli Calendar and became the face of Italy's cell phone carrier, Telecom Italia Mobile, a move that earned her the nickname, "the Catherine Zeta-Jones of Italy."

In February 2008, Lima was featured on the cover of ''Esquire'', re-creating the classic 1966 Angie Dickinson cover on Esquire's 75th anniversary along with fellow Victoria's Secret Angels Alessandra Ambrosio, Karolina Kurkova, Izabel Goulart and Selita Ebanks. She appeared only in shoes, diamonds and gloves for the November 2007 issue of ''Vanity Fair'' celebrating 20 years of supermodels with her fellow Angels. In February 2008, she was chosen to be the face of Mexico's Liverpool department store chain and launched the partnership with a press conference, runway show, and summer campaign. Lima returned to the high fashion runway in 2009, walking for Givenchy. That same year, after visiting Turkey, Lima signed a contract with Doritos to appear in print campaigns and commercials which began airing in Turkey that April. She was also one of the faces of Givenchy for the Fall/Winter 2009 season, alongside Mariacarla Boscono and Iris Strubegger. Lima is one of the two faces of Blumarine's Fall/Winter 2011 season.

In 2011, Lima signed a deal as a spokeswoman for Megacity by Votsu, a Brazilian social gaming company, to appear in their commercials. She also became the face of Brazilian luxury brand, Forum for there F/W season. Adriana Lima has worked with the most established photographers in fashion such as Inez van Lamsweerde and Vinoodh Matidin, Vincent Peters, Mario Sorrenti, Mert Alas and Marcus Piggott and David Sims.

In 2006, Lima ranked as the fifth highest paid supermodel. In 2007 and 2008, she ranked as the world's fourth highest paid supermodel by Forbes Magazine.

Victoria's Secret

Lima is probably best known for her work with Victoria's Secret. Her first fashion show for the company came in 1999, and since being contracted as an Angel in 2000, she has appeared on subsequent shows ever since, opening the show in 2003, 2007, 2008, and 2010. Lima has appeared on several television ads for the brand, including the praised and criticized "Angel in Venice" commercial of 2003 with Bob Dylan and her solo Victoria's Secret's Super Bowl XLII ad, the single most-seen ad of the game, watched by 103.7 million viewers. 2008 continued for Lima with hosting the ''What Is Sexy?'' program for the E! Entertainment Network and a July tour for the BioFit Uplift Bra launch. She was also featured in November's Miracle Bra relaunch. Topping the year off, Lima wore the "Fantasy Bra" for the 2008 Victoria's Secret Fashion Show. The bra, created by American jewelry designer Martin Katz, was set with 3,575 black diamonds, 117 certified white round diamonds, 34 rubies, and two black diamond drops totaling . Valued at over $5 million, the bra carried more than .

In 2009, Lima launched the company's new makeup line, "Christian Siriano for VS Makeup." Lima skipped the 2009 show due to her pregnancy but she was back for the 2010 Victoria's Secret Fashion Show, in which she wore the "Fantasy Bra" again, this time created by Damiani called "The Bombshell Fantasy Bra" valued at $2million.

Acting

Lima's first acting role was the wife, alongside Mickey Rourke and Forest Whitaker, in ''The Follow'' (2001), a short film in BMW's series ''The Hire'', starring Clive Owen and directed by Wong Kar-wai. She also appeared with her fellow Angels in a guest spot playing herself in the series ''How I Met Your Mother'' in November 2007.

In 2008, Lima appeared on the American television series ''Ugly Betty'', where she played herself and made friends with the series' title character, Betty.

Reception

Lima was listed in the 2005 Forbes' edition of The World's Best-Paid Celebrities Under 25. Also, she ranked No.99th in the 2006 Forbes' edition of The Celebrity 100 (Forbes' Highest Paid and Powerful Celebrities in the World). Lima was chosen to be a part of ''People'' magazine's 100 most beautiful people in the world list, sharing that space with the Angels, with whom she also received a star on the Hollywood "Walk of Fame" prior to the 2007 Victoria's Secret Fashion Show. That same year, she ranked 7th on ''FHM''s "100 Sexiest Women 2007" list and was awarded as the "Hottest Girl on the Planet" at the first Spike TV Guys' Choice Awards, although the category was not mentioned in the actual broadcast. Lima was also voted on ''Maxim'''s "Hot 100" 2007 at the No.53 spot. She was voted No.1 as the Most Desirable Woman in 2005 by visitors of the men's lifestyle website, Askmen.com (she placed 4th in 2006 and 2007, 10th in 2008, and 19th in 2009). Since November 2008, Models.com has featured her at number one on the list of the "Sexiest Models." As of July 2011, she is also ranked No. 4 in the website's "Money Girls" list. In 2010, she was voted eighth in "FHM's Sexiest Women In The World". Previously to this, FHM ranked her at No. 6 in 2009, No. 21 in 2008 and No. 4 in 2007. In an interview about beauty, celebrity photographer and Victoria's Secret main photographer, Russell James says Adriana is one of the most beautiful women he's ever worked with in the course of his career.

Personal life

Lima is a devout Catholic who attends church every Sunday. In April 2006, she told ''GQ'' that she was a virgin. "Sex is for after marriage," she explained. "They [men] have to respect that this is my choice. If there's no respect, that means they don't want me." Characterizing her religious roots, she is known for taking a Bible backstage to read.

She has been romantically linked to musician/singer Lenny Kravitz and Prince Wenzeslaus of Liechtenstein. In November 2007, it was confirmed that Lima was dating Serbian basketball player Marko Jarić (Марко Јарић). Originally, the couple planned on a large wedding in Salvador, set to place in June 2009. Eventually, they eloped in a private civil ceremony in Jackson Hole, Wyoming on St. Valentine's Day in February 2009, with plans for two separate weddings in their respective hometowns at the end of 2009. In May 2009, it was reported that Lima applied for Serbian citizenship. Shortly thereafter, she announced that she was pregnant and expecting her first child around Thanksgiving. The couple's daughter, Valentina Lima Jarić (Валентина Лима Јарић), was born on November 15, 2009. Valentina was born at 34 weeks gestation, weighing just , due to Lima's suffering from preeclampsia.

Charity

Lima does charitable work helping with an orphanage, "Caminhos da Luz" (Ways of Light), located in her hometown. She helps with construction to expand the orphanage, and buys clothes for poor children in Salvador, Bahia. She appeared on ''Var mısın? Yok musun?'', the Turkish version of ''Deal or No Deal'', where her prize money went to a hospital in Istanbul for children fighting leukemia.

References

External links

{{navboxes |title=Adriana Lima navigational boxes |list1= }}

Category:1981 births Category:Living people Category:Brazilian female models Category:Brazilian Roman Catholics Category:Brazilian people of indigenous peoples descent Category:People from Salvador, Bahia

af:Adriana Lima ar:أدريانا ليما be:Адрыяна Ліма be-x-old:Адрыяна Ліма bg:Адриана Лима ca:Adriana Lima da:Adriana Lima de:Adriana Lima et:Adriana Lima es:Adriana Lima eu:Adriana Lima fa:آدریانا لیما fr:Adriana Lima fy:Adriana Lima hy:Ադրիանա Լիմա hr:Adriana Lima id:Adriana Lima is:Adriana Lima it:Adriana Lima he:אדריאנה לימה ka:ადრიანა ლიმა lt:Adriana Lima hu:Adriana Lima mk:Адријана Лима nl:Adriana Lima ja:アドリアナ・リマ no:Adriana Lima pl:Adriana Lima pt:Adriana Lima ro:Adriana Lima ru:Лима, Адриана simple:Adriana Lima sr:Адријана Лима fi:Adriana Lima sv:Adriana Lima tr:Adriana Lima uk:Адріана Ліма zh:阿德瑞娜·利瑪

Coordinates	28°1′0″N153°24′0″N
name	B-Real
background	solo_singer
birth name	Louis Freese
alias	B-Real
born	June 02, 1970
origin	South Gate, California
instrument	Rapping
genre	Hip hop
years active	1988–present.
label	ColumbiaRuffhouseDuckdown RecordsGoliath
associated acts	Cypress Hill, Psycho Realm, Kush }}

Louis Freese, (born June 2, 1970) better known by his stage name b-real, is an American rapper of Cuban and Mexican heritage, and a film and TV actor. He is best known for being the lead rapper in hip hop group Cypress Hill.

Early life and career

Born to a Mexican father and a Cuban mother, B-Real moved with his sister and mother out of his father's home to South Gate before ending up in South Central Los Angeles Before dropping out of Bell High School, he befriended future Cypress Hill members Sen Dog and Mellow Man Ace (who forwent staying with the group to go solo). Sen Dog, who was affiliated with a Bloods gang set known as "Neighborhood Family", later introduced B-Real into the set. B-Real's career as a drug dealer and gangbanger ended after he was shot in the lung with a 9mm pistol in 1988.

After being introduced to DJ Muggs by Julio G the KDAY Mixmaster, B-Real and Sen gained interest in Muggs' concept of an album based on experiences from Cypress Ave in South Gate. The group was signed with Ruffhouse/Columbia records in 1991, and made their influential debut that year. B-Real would use his life-threatening experiences as material for the group's self-titled debut album, and subsequent releases.

Cypress Hill's trademark sound - an eccentric combination of B-Real's exaggeratedly high-pitched nasal vocals and DJ Muggs' distinctive beats - led to the trio becoming the first Latin rap group to have Platinum and Multi-Platinum albums. They remain the best selling Latin rap group to date. Speaking in March 2010 to noted UK urban writer Pete Lewis - Deputy Editor of the award-winning Blues & Soul - B-Real stated: "Fortunately I guess the fact we were able to achieve what we achieved, being Latino but without really exploiting that side of it, showed like a whole generation behind us how you could have that success without being labelled as just one THING. Because back in the day, when you were labelled 'a Latino rapper', the record companies would only try to market you to that Latin fan-base which didn't really EXIST yet!... So yeah, it feels good to see people recognising us as some of the pioneers that opened the doors for a lotta these other Latino rappers to come through."

Aside from Cypress Hill, B-Real has been involved in several other musical projects. In 1996 he contributed to the soundtrack for the movie ''Space Jam''. In 2002, he teamed up with Mellow Man Ace and Son Doobie for the short-lived Serial Rhyme Killas, which released one 12" single in 2002. The group recorded a full-length debut album, entitled ''Deluxe Rapture'', but it was never released. B-Real formed a rap metal group, Kush, with Deftones guitarist Stephen Carpenter and Fear Factory members Christian Olde Wolbers and Raymond Herrera. According to B-Real, Kush is more aggressive than other bands in the genre. He was also previously a member of the group The Psycho Realm, and in 2007 announced that he would collaborate with Sick Jacken once again on a new album. He recently revealed in an interview that he plans on recording a "V.S." album of Cypress member DJ Muggs. In 1998, he appeared as a newborn baby singer for ''The Rugrats Movie'', reported as a minor role.

Production Work

In addition to his career as an MC, B-Real has worked as a music producer for six years, with clients ranging from Proof of D12 to the WWE. He intentionally kept his production for Cypress Hill down to a minimum, as not to interfere with DJ Muggs' involvement in the group, but has produced several tracks for his own solo projects. B-Real also manages a team of music producers known as the "Audio Hustlaz." B-Real personally produced three tracks on his solo album ''Smoke N Mirrors'', 'Don't Ya Dare Laugh', 'Fire' and 'Dr. Hyphenstein', looking to outside producers for the other tracks. B-Real and his production crew will be working alongside DJ Muggs and others on the upcoming Cypress Hill album.

Solo projects

B-Real has released three mixtapes as a solo artist "Gunslinger", "Gunslinger Vol. II" and "Gunslinger Vol. III". He released his first solo album, entitled ''Smoke N Mirrors'' and has teamed up with Snoop Dogg in a single called Vato for Snoop Dogg's album Tha Blue Carpet Treatment.

Discography

Solo

2009: ''Smoke N Mirrors''

Mixtapes

2005: ''The Gunslinger''

2006: ''The Gunslinger Part II: Fist Full of Dollars''

2007: ''The Gunslinger Part III: For a Few Dollars More''

2010: ''The Harvest Vol. 1: The Mixtape''

Collaborations

Throughout his career, B-Real has had an extensive list of collaborations including Kottonmouth Kings, Beastie Boys, Snoop Dogg, Psycho Realm, Eminem, Ice Cube, DJ Quik, Pearl Jam, Chino XL, Dr. Dre, Apathy, Mike Shinoda, Malverde, Fear Factory, Nas, KRS One, Adil Omar, Xzibit, Young De, RBX, LL Cool J, Warren G, Busta Rhymes, Tony Touch, Kool G Rap, Big Pun, OutKast, Prozak, Nina Sky, Fat Joe, Method Man & Redman, RZA, Kurupt, D12, Proof, Everlast, House of Pain, Ill Bill, La Coka Nostra, Deftones, MC Ren, King T, Sonic Youth, Funkdoobiest, Bitza and many more.

Guest appearances

Year	Song	Artist	Album
	"Ain't Got No Class"
	"Put Your Head Out"
	"East Coast/West Coast Killas"
	"Splitt (Comin' Out Swingin')"
	"Hit 'Em High (The Monstars' Anthem)"		align="center"
	"Xplosion"
"Deadly Assassins"	align="center"
"End of the World"	align="center"
	"Back The Fuck Up"		align="center"
"Peer Pressure"
	"911"
	"American Psycho II"
	"High Rollers"	align="center"
"Roll Up"	align="center"
"Back Again"		align="center"
	"A to the K"		align="center"
"Pain Gang"
	"I’m An American"
"Fuck Tony Montana"
"How Hi Can U Get"	align="center"
	"Go Loco"

References

External links

Official Website

Category:1970 births Category:Living people Category:American entertainers of Cuban descent Category:American rappers of Mexican descent Category:Hispanic and Latino American rappers Category:Rap rock musicians Category:People from South Gate, California Category:Rappers from California Category:West Coast hip hop musicians Category:Bloods Category:Cypress Hill members

bg:Би-Риъл cs:B-real da:B-Real de:B-Real es:B-Real fr:B-Real hr:B-Real it:B-Real nl:B-Real no:B-Real pl:B-Real pt:B-Real ru:B-Real fi:B-Real sv:B-Real tr:B-Real

Coordinates	28°1′0″N153°24′0″N
playername	André Lima
fullname	André Luiz Barretto Silva Lima
dateofbirth	May 03, 1985
cityofbirth	Rio de Janeiro
countryofbirth	Brazil
height
position	Striker
currentclub	Grêmio (on loan from Hertha BSC)
clubnumber	99
youthyears1	–2004 |youthclubs1 Vasco da Gama
years1	2004–2005 |clubs1 Vasco da Gama |caps1 19 |goals1 1
years2	2005–2006 |clubs2 Germinal Beerschot |caps2 5 |goals2 1
years3	2006 |clubs3 Madureira |caps3 4 |goals3 1
years4	2006–2007 |clubs4 Sampaio Corrêa |caps4 22 |goals4 15
years6	2007 |clubs6 Botafogo |caps6 17 |goals6 8
years7	2007– |clubs7 Hertha BSC |caps7 16 |goals7 2
years8	2008–2009 |clubs8 → São Paulo (loan) |caps8 19 |goals8 4
years9	2009 |clubs9 → Botafogo (loan) |caps9 22 |goals9 7
years10	2010 |clubs10 → Fluminense (loan) |caps10 4 |goals10 0
years11	2010– |clubs11 → Grêmio (loan) |caps11 21 |goals11 11 }}

André Luiz Barreto Silva Lima (born 3 May 1985 in Rio de Janeiro), commonly known as André Lima, is a Brazilian footballer, who currently plays for Grêmio on loan from Hertha BSC.

Honours

Belgian Cup: 2005

;São Paulo

Brazilian League: 1

:: 2008

Personal Honours

Brazilian Cup's top scorer: 2007

Contract

22 August 2007 to 21 August 2011

References

External links

Sambafoot

Zerozero Football

Category:1985 births Category:Living people Category:People from Rio de Janeiro (city) Category:Brazilian footballers Category:Club de Regatas Vasco da Gama players Category:Brazilian expatriate footballers Category:Expatriate footballers in Belgium Category:K.F.C. Germinal Beerschot players Category:Brazilian expatriates in Belgium Category:Madureira Esporte Clube players Category:Sampaio Corrêa Futebol Clube players Category:Botafogo de Futebol e Regatas players Category:Expatriate footballers in Germany Category:Fußball-Bundesliga players Category:Hertha BSC players Category:Brazilian expatriates in Germany Category:São Paulo FC players Category:Fluminense Football Club players Category:Grêmio Foot-Ball Porto Alegrense players

de:André Lima es:André Luiz Barretto Silva Lima ja:アンドレ・リマ pl:André Lima pt:André Lima (futebolista)

Coordinates	28°1′0″N153°24′0″N
birth date	October 03, 1964
birth place	Coventry, England, UK
spouse	2 daughters
occupation	Actor
yearsactive	1987–present }}

Clive Owen (born 3 October 1964) is an English actor, who has worked on television, stage and film. He first gained recognition in the United Kingdom for portraying the lead in the ITV series ''Chancer'' from 1990 to 1991. He then garnered critical acclaim for his work in the film ''Close My Eyes'' (1991) before getting international notice for his performance as a struggling writer in ''Croupier'' (1998). In 2005, Owen won a Golden Globe and a BAFTA Award and was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor for his appearance in the drama ''Closer'' (2004). He has since played leading as well as supporting roles in films such as ''Sin City'' (2005), ''Inside Man'' (2006), ''Children of Men'' (2006), and ''The International'' (2009).

Early life

The fourth of five brothers, Owen was born in Coventry, in the English Midlands, a son of Pamela (née Cotton) and Jess Owen, a country and western singer. His father left the family when Owen was three years old, and despite a brief reconciliation when Owen was nineteen, the two have remained estranged. Raised by his mother and stepfather, a railway ticket clerk, he has described his childhood as "rough." While initially opposed to drama school, he changed his mind in 1984, after a long and fruitless period of searching for work. Owen graduated from the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art in 1987 with a class that included Rebecca Pidgeon, Serena Harragin, Mark Womack, and Liza Tarbuck. After graduation, he won a position at the Young Vic, performing in several Shakespearean plays.

Career

Initially, Owen carved out a career in television. In 1988 Owen starred as Gideon Sarn in a BBC production of ''Precious Bane'' and the Channel 4 film ''Vroom'' before the 1990s saw him become a regular on stage and television in the UK, notably his lead role in the ITV series ''Chancer'', followed by an appearance in the Thames Television production of ''Lorna Doone''.

He won critical acclaim for his performances in the 1991 Stephen Poliakoff film ''Close My Eyes'' – in which he has a full frontal nude scene – about a brother and sister who embark on an incestuous love affair. He subsequently appeared in ''The Magician'', ''Class of '61'', ''Century'', ''Nobody's Children'', ''An Evening with Gary Lineker'', ''Doomsday Gun'', ''Return of the Native'' and then a Carlton production called ''Sharman'', about a private detective. In 1996, he appeared in his first major Hollywood film ''The Rich Man's Wife'' alongside Halle Berry before finding international acclaim in a Channel 4 film directed by Mike Hodges called ''Croupier'' (1998). In ''Croupier'', he played the title role of a struggling writer who takes a job in a London casino as inspiration for his work, only to get caught up in a robbery scheme. In 1999, he appeared as an accident-prone driver in ''Split Second'', his first BBC production in a decade.

He then starred in ''The Echo'', a BBC1 drama. He starred in a film called ''Greenfingers'' about a criminal who goes to work in a garden, before appearing in the BBC1 mystery series ''Second Sight''. In 2001, he provided the voice-over for a BBC2 documentary about popular music through the years called ''Walk On By'', as well as starring in a highly-acclaimed theatre production called ''A Day in the Death of Joe Egg'', about a couple with a severely handicapped daughter.

He became well known to North American audiences in the summer of 2001 after starring as ''The Driver'' in ''The Hire'', a series of short films sponsored by BMW and made by prominent directors. He then appeared in Robert Altman's ''Gosford Park'', alongside an all-star cast including Helen Mirren, Maggie Smith, Michael Gambon, Kristin Scott Thomas and Ryan Phillippe. He appeared in the 2002 hit ''The Bourne Identity''. In 2003, he teamed up with Hodges again to make ''I'll Sleep When I'm Dead''. He starred in ''Beyond Borders'' and took on the title role in ''King Arthur'', for which he took riding lessons.

Owen appeared in the West End and Broadway hit play ''Closer'', by Patrick Marber, which was produced as a film, and was released in 2005. He played "Dan" in the play, but was "Larry" the dermatologist in the film version. His portrayal of Larry in the film version earned him a lot of recognition as well as the Golden Globe and BAFTA award and an Academy Award nomination for Best Supporting Actor. He noted that the expectations of him since the Oscar nomination have not changed the way he approaches film-making, stating "I try, every film I do, to be as good as I can and that's all I can do."

After ''Closer'', he appeared in ''Derailed'' alongside Jennifer Aniston, the comic book thriller ''Sin City'' as the noir antihero Dwight McCarthy and as a mysterious bank robber in ''Inside Man''. Despite public denials, Owen had long been rumoured to be a possible successor to Pierce Brosnan in the role of James Bond. A public opinion poll in the United Kingdom in October 2005 (SkyNews) found that he was the public's number one choice to star in the next installment of the series. In that same month, however, it was announced that fellow British actor Daniel Craig would become the next James Bond. In an interview in the September 2007 issue of ''Details'', he claimed that he was never offered or even approached concerning the role. In 2006, Owen spoofed the Bond connection by making an appearance in the remake of ''The Pink Panther'' in which he plays a character named "Nigel Boswell, Agent 006" (when he introduces himself to Inspector Clouseau, he quips that Owen's character is "one short of the big time").

In 2006, Owen starred in the highly acclaimed ''Children of Men'', for which he received widespread praise. The film was nominated for various awards, including an Academy Award for Best Adapted Screenplay; Owen worked on the screenplay, although he was uncredited. The next year he starred alongside Paul Giamatti in the film ''Shoot 'Em Up'' and appeared as Sir Walter Raleigh opposite Cate Blanchett's Elizabeth I of England in the film ''Elizabeth: The Golden Age''. He appeared in the Christmas special of the Ricky Gervais show ''Extras'', as revealed in the video podcast teaser. Owen starred in ''The International'' (2009), a film which he described as a "paranoid political thriller". He then played the lead in ''The Boys Are Back'', an Australian adaptation of the book ''The Boys Are Back In Town'' by Simon Carr.

In April 2010, he was cast as the lead in Juan Carlos Fresnadillo's horror-thriller ''Intruders''.

In June 2010 it was announced that Owen and Nicole Kidman will star in an HBO film about Ernest Hemingway and his relationship with Martha Gellhorn entitled ''Hemingway & Gellhorn''. James Gandolfini will serve as executive producer to the film written by Barbara Turner and Jerry Stahl. The film will be directed by Philip Kaufman and will reportedly begin shooting next year.

Clive is currently shooting 'Shadow Dancer' joint Irish UK production about a young mother who is heavily involved with the Irish republican Movement. She is arrested in London following an aborted bombing attempt and must either choose to inform on her family or spend the rest of her life behind bars. The Film also stars Andrea Riseborough, Gillian Anderson and Aidan Gillen and is being directed by James Marsh.

Personal life

In an incident he later described as "very schmaltzy", Owen met his future wife, actress Sarah-Jane Fenton, when they performed the leads in ''Romeo and Juliet'' at the Young Vic. The couple married on 6 March 1995 and live in Highgate, London and Wrabness, north Essex, with their two daughters – Hannah and Eve.

In November 2006, he became patron of the Electric Palace Cinema in Harwich, Essex, England and launched an appeal for funds to repair deteriorating elements of the fabric.

He enjoys the music of indie rock band Hard-Fi and has been seen at two of their concerts, Brixton Academy, 15 May 2006 and Wembley Arena, 18 December 2007. He is also an avid Liverpool F.C fan.

Filmography

Year	Film	Role	Notes
	''Vroom''	Jake
	Geoff	Boon – TV Series 3 – Episode 8 "Peacemaker"
1989	''Precious Bane''	Gideon Sarn
	''Chancer''	Stephen Crane/Derek Love	TV series: 20 Episodes
''Lorna Doone''	John Ridd	TV Movie
1991		Richard
	''Class of '61''	Devin O'Neil	TV Movie
	Paul Reisner
''The Magician''	Det. Con. George Byrne	TV Movie
	''The Return of the Native''	Damon Wildeve	TV Movie
''Doomsday Gun''	Dov	TV Movie
''An Evening with Gary Lineker''	Bill	TV Movie
''Nobody's Children''	Bratu	TV Movie
''The Turnaround''	Nick Sharman
1995	''Bad Boy Blues''	Paul	TV Movie
	''Privateer 2: The Darkening''	Ser Lev Aris	Video game
''The Rich Man's Wife''	Jake Golden
	Nick Sharman	TV series: 4 Episodes
		Jack Manfred
	Max
1998		Michael Deacon	Television series
	''Split Second''	Michael Anderson	TV Movie
	DCI Ross Tanner	Television series
	''Greenfingers''	Colin Briggs
''Second Sight'' series two	DCI Ross Tanner	Television series
	''The Hire''	The Driver
''Gosford Park''		Broadcast Film Critics Association Award for Best CastFlorida Film Critics Circle Award for Best CastOnline Film Critics Society Award for Best CastSatellite Award for Best Cast – Motion PictureScreen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Cast in a Motion PictureNominated – Phoenix Film Critics Society Award for Best Cast
''Walk On By''	Narrator	TV documentaryVoice Only
2002		The Professor
	''Beyond Borders''	Nick Callahan
	Will
		Larry	BAFTA Award for Best Actor in a Supporting RoleGolden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actor – Motion PictureLas Vegas Film Critics Society Award for Best Supporting ActorNew York Film Critics Circle Award for Best Supporting ActorNational Board of Review Award for Best CastToronto Film Critics Association for Best Supporting ActorNominated — Academy Award for Best Supporting ActorNominated — Broadcast Film Critics Association Award for Best Supporting ActorNominated — Broadcast Film Critics Association Award for Best CastNominated — London Film Critics Circle Award for British Actor of the YearNominated — Online Film Critics Society Award for Best Supporting ActorNominated — Satellite Award for Best Supporting Actor – Motion PictureNominated — Toronto Film Critics Association Award for Best Supporting Actor
		Charles Schine
	Dwight McCarthy
	''Children of Men''		Central Ohio Film Critics Association Award Best ActorNominated — Saturn Award for Best Actor
''Inside Man''	Dalton Russell
	Nigel Boswell/Agent 006	Uncredited Cameo
	''Elizabeth: The Golden Age''	Sir Walter Raleigh
''Shoot 'Em Up''	Smith	Nominated — Satellite Award for Best Actor – Motion Picture Musical or Comedy
		Louis Salinger
	Ray Koval
	Joe Warr	Also Executive Producer
		Will Cameron
	Spike	post-production

References

External links

Category:1964 births Category:Alumni of the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art Category:BAFTA winners (people) Category:BAFTA Award for Best Supporting Actor Category:Best Supporting Actor Golden Globe (film) winners Category:English film actors Category:English stage actors Category:English television actors Category:Living people Category:Outstanding Performance by a Cast in a Motion Picture Screen Actors Guild Award winners Category:People from Coventry

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